Agriculture

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  Soil degradation   Is the decline in soil condition caused by its improper use or poor management,  usually for agricultural, industrial or urban purposes. It is a physical, chemical and biological decline in soil quality. It spreads at an alarming rate, endangered land fertility and productivity and by extension the world's food supply.  Factors that causes soil degradation   Physical factors: rainfall, surface runoff, floods, wind erosion etc, results in the loss of fertile topsoil thereby decline soil quality. Biological factors: human activities like: poor farming practices and some plant activities may deplete soil nutrients thus, diminishing soil fertility.  Chemical factors: reduction of soil nutrients because of alkalinity,  can cause soil degradation. Deforestation: cause soil degradation on the account of exposing soil minerals by removing trees.

  Soil temperature   Is the measurement of the ground's interent warm, simply the measurement of the warmth in the soil. Soil temperature regulates seed germination, breaking of seed dormancy, plant and root growth and the availability of nutrients.  The ideal soil temperature for most plants are 65 F to 75 F (180°C to 24°C) Nighttime and daytime, soil temperature are both important.  It is important as it affects how plants grow It affects the speed of chemical reactions. 

  Soil aeration   Is a rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the soil pore spaces and the atmosphere, in order to prevent efficiency of oxygen and toxicity of carbon dioxide in the soil air. Soil aeration influences the availability of many nutrients.  Aeration is the process by which air is circulated through,  mixed or dissolved on liquid or substance that act as a fluid.  It helps the roots grow deeply and produce a stronger, more vigorous lawn. The main reason is to alleviate soil compaction.  A lawn is an area soil-covered land planted with grasses and other durable plants like clover, which maintained at a short height with a lawn mower. Commonly referred to as part of of a garden. 

  Soil porosity Is the space between particles called pore space, it refers to how many pores, holes, a soil has. May be formed due to the movement of roots, warms and insects; expanding gases trapped within these spaces by ground water; and/or the dissolution of the soil parent materials. Factors that affect the porosity of the soil Soil structure -  a soil having granular and crumbs structure contains more pore spaces than that of prismatic and platy soil structure.  Soil texture -  in sandy soils the pore space is small whereas, in fine textured clay and clayey loam soil total pore space is high and there is a possibility of more granulation in clay soil. Arrangement of soil particles - when the sphere-like particles in arrangement in columnar form, it results in low amount of pore spaces. Macro-organism  macro-organisms like Earth worm, insects etc, increase macro-pore in the soil. Organic matter soil containing high organic matter possesses high porosity be...

  Soil structure  Is the way in which individual soil profile are arranged in relation to one another. The soil structure is classified on both soil grain shape and size. Structure can be as granular, blocky, prismar, columnar, platy or single-grained. The major classes of soil structures Granular: resembles cookie crumbs and is usually less than 0.5 cm in diameter. Commonly found in surface horizons where roots have been growing.  Blocky:  irregular blocks that are usually 1.5 - 0.5 cm in diameter.  Prismatic:  vertical columns of soil that might be a number of cm long. Usually found in lower horizons. Platy: thin, fat plates of soil that lie horizontally. Usually found in compacted soil. Single-grained: soil is broken into individual particles that do not stick together. Always accompanies a loose consistence.